Propolis (1)

Propolis

What is it?

Propolis is a resin-like material from the buds of poplar and cone-bearing trees. Propolis is rarely available in its pure form. It is usually obtained from beehives and contains bee products.

Propolis has a long history of medicinal use, dating back to 350 B.C., the time of Aristotle. Greeks have used propolis for abscesses; Assyrians have used it for healing wounds and tumors; and Egyptians have used it for mummification. It still has many medicinal uses today, although its effectiveness has only been shown for a couple of them.

Propolis is used for canker sores and infections caused by bacteria (including tuberculosis), by viruses (including flu, H1N1 “swine” flu, and the common cold), by fungus, and by single-celled organisms called protozoans. Propolis is also used for cancer of the nose and throat; for boosting the immune system; and for treating gastrointestinal (GI) problems including Helicobacter pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease. Propolis is also used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

People sometimes apply propolis directly to the skin for wound cleansing, genital herpes and cold sores; as a mouth rinse for speeding healing following oral surgery; and for the treatment of minor burns.

In manufacturing, propolis is used as an ingredient in cosmetics.

How effective is it?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for PROPOLIS are as follows:

Possibly effective for...

• Cold sores. Applying a specific 3% propolis ointment (Herstat or ColdSore-FX) might help improve healing time and reduce pain from cold sores.
• Genital herpes. Applying a 3% propolis ointment (Herstat or ColdSore-FX) might improve healing of recurrent genital lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Some research suggests that it might heal lesions faster and more completely than the conventional treatment 5% acyclovir ointment.
• Mouth surgery. Using a propolis mouth rinse appears to improve healing and reduce pain and swelling after mouth surgery.

Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for...

• Canker sores. Early research shows that taking propolis by mouth daily reduces canker sore outbreaks.
• Inflammation of the uterus (cervicitis). Early research suggests that applying a dressing containing a 5% propolis ointment daily can reduce symptoms and improve healing in women with inflammation of the uterus.
• Intestinal infection (giardiasis). Early research suggests that taking a specific 30% propolis extract (Propolisina) can cure giardiasis in more people than the drug tinidazole.
• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Early research suggests that taking 60 drops of a preparation containing Brazilian green propolis daily for 7 days does not reduce H. pylori infection.
• Minor burns. Applying propolis to the skin might help treat minor burns and prevent infections.
• Thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis). Early research suggests that using Brazilian green propolis extract four times daily for 7 days can prevent oral thrush in people with dentures.
• Upper respiratory tract infections. There is some evidence that propolis might help prevent or reduce the duration of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections.
• Vaginal swelling (vaginitis). Early research suggests that applying a 5% propolis solution vaginally for 7 days can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life in people with vaginal swelling.
• Cancer sores.
• Tuberculosis.
• Infections.
• Nose and throat cancer.
• Improving immune response.
• Ulcers.
• Stomach and intestinal disorders.
• Wounds.
• Inflammation.
• Other conditions.
• More evidence is needed to rate propolis for these uses.

How does it work?

Propolis seems to have activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It might also have anti-inflammatory effects and help skin heal.

Are there safety concerns?

Propolis is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth or applied to the skin appropriately. It can cause allergic reactions, particularly in people who are allergic to bees or bee products. Lozenges containing propolis can cause irritation and mouth ulcers.

Special precautions & warnings:

• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking propolis if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
• Asthma: Some experts believe certain chemicals in propolis may make asthma worse. Avoid using propolis if you have asthma.
• Bleeding conditions: A certain chemical in propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking propolis might increase the risk of bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.
• Allergies: Do not use propolis if you are allergic to bee by-products including honey, conifers, poplars, Peru balsam, and salicylates.
• Surgery: A certain chemical in propolis might slow blood clotting. Taking propolis might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop taking propolis 2 weeks before surgery.

Are there interactions with medications?

Moderate

Be cautious with this combination.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)

Propolis might slow blood clotting and increase bleeding time. Taking propolis along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.

Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Herbs and supplements that might slow blood clotting

Propolis might increase the amount of time it takes for blood to clot. Taking it along with other herbs and supplements that slow blood clotting can slow blood clotting even more and could increase the risk of bleeding and bruising in some people. Some of these herbs include angelica, clove, danshen, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, Panax ginseng, and others.

Are there interactions with foods?

There are no known interactions with foods.

What dose is used?

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

APPLIED TO THE SKIN:

• For cold sores: A 3% propolis ointment (Herstat or ColdSore-FX) applied 5 times daily.
• For herpes outbreak: A 3% propolis ointment (Herstat or ColdSore-FX) applied to the blisters 4 times daily.
• As a mouth rinse after mouth surgery: A solution containing propolis, water, and alcohol.

Other names

Acide de Cire d’Abeille, Baume de Propolis, Bee Glue, Bee Propolis, Beeswax Acid, Cire d’Abeille Synthétique, Cire de Propolis, Colle d’Abeille, Hive Dross, Pénicilline Russe, Propóleos, Propolis Balsam, Propolis Cera, Propolis d'Abeille, Propolis Resin, Propolis Wax, Résine de Propolis, Russian Penicillin, Synthetic Beeswax.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

References

1. Feiks FK. Topical application of propolis tincture in the treatment of herpes zoster. Third International Symposium on Apitherapy 1978;109-111.
2. Garcia M. Allergic contact dermatitis from beeswax nipple-protective. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:440-441.
3. Downs, A. M. and Sansom, J. E. Occupational contact dermatitis due to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38:359-360. View abstract.
4. Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Prasain, J. K., and et al. Chemical constituents of Brazilian propolis and their cytotoxic activities. J Nat.Prod. 1998;61:896-900. View abstract.
5. Burdock, G. A. Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:347-363. View abstract.
6. Thomas, P., Korting, H. C., and Przybilla, B. Propolis-induced allergic contact dermatitis mimicking pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:511-513. View abstract.
7. Murray, M. C., Worthington, H. V., and Blinkhorn, A. S. A study to investigate the effect of a propolis-containing mouthrinse on the inhibition of de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24:796-798. View abstract.
8. Silvani, S., Spettoli, E., Stacul, F., and et al. Contact dermatitis in psoriasis due to propolis. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:48-49. View abstract.
9. Crisan, I., Zaharia, C. N., Popovici, F., and et al. Natural propolis extract NIVCRISOL in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinopharyngitis in children. Rom.J Virol. 1995;46(3-4):115-133. View abstract.
10. Georgieva, P., Ivanovska, N., Bankova, V., and et al. Anticomplement activity of lysine complexes of propolis phenolic constituents and their synthetic analogs. Z Naturforsch [C.] 1997;52(1-2):60-64. View abstract.

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/390.html

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